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Several national and regional initiatives address the risks of loss and damage associated with climate change impacts.

In Seoul, 90% of landfill-bound wastes were instead used to produce energy enough to heat 518,000 households.

Seoul established a quasi-public bus system, restructured routes, created median lanes, built transfer centers, and integrated its fare system to improve service.

Integrating road ecology principles and green infrastructure designs can balance construction with environmental conservation.