Visual Associations Mapping, Stakeholder Mapping Matrices, and Venn Diagrams can be used as stakeholder analysis tools for CSO engagement in the Pacific.
Introduction
What you need to know
Engagement of key stakeholder groups in operations financed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) promotes good governance, transparency, innovation, responsiveness, and development effectiveness. Effective engagement of stakeholder groups, including civil society, project beneficiaries, and project-affected people, requires the understanding and effective use of participatory tools throughout the project cycle. However, while one participatory tool may work well in one context, it may not be appropriate in another. This series of explainers provides a range of tools from which practitioners can pick and choose, according to different phases of the ADB project cycle, context, and available time/resources. Some tools may be specific to particular phases in the ADB project cycle, such as monitoring and evaluation tools, while others may be used throughout the project cycle, such as participatory assessment tools.
This piece focuses on Tools for Stakeholder Analysis.
Tools for Stakeholder Analysis
Identification and analysis of stakeholders in ADB-assisted activities is a basic and key component of participatory approaches to engagement. Many stakeholder identification and analysis tools exist to identify stakeholders relevant to a project or policy. Several of these tools are visual tools, as opposed to text-heavy tools, which are often more readily understood and utilized in the Pacific.
Visual Associations Mapping (Tree Map)
- Make a list of stakeholders and create different symbols that represent each stakeholder group. Draw an outline of a tree on large paper.
- Place the main organization or group being mapped at the center of the tree.
- Place other organizations or stakeholder groups on other parts of the tree relative to the level of engagement with the main stakeholder group (further away on the tree means a distant relationship, while nearby on the tree means a close relationship). If the organization is large or powerful (relative to the main organization) draw a large circle around it. If it is small or has low influence, draw a smaller circle around it.
- When the Tree Map is completed, review and ask:
- What are the gaps between stakeholder groups?
- What are the existing relationships that can be useful to the project or issue?
Coady International Institute. (no date). An asset-based approach to community development practitioner manual. Ahmedabad, India: Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA). p43.
N. Eliasov. 2013. Asset Based and Community Driven Development – Course Materials. Ikhala Trust, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. pp34-35.
Stakeholder Mapping Matrices
- Confirm the key issue that the stakeholder matrix is addressing.
- Make a list of stakeholder groups in relation to a central issue. Make sure to include all stakeholder groups, across civil society, government and the private sector. Decide on the matrix to be used. There is a range of matrices available, some of which are reproduced below.
- In a participatory workshop, put each stakeholder group on a different row and answer the questions on the chosen stakeholder matrix for each stakeholder group. Questions may include:
- What are the stakeholder’s knowledge, experience, skills and resources that could help with the project?
- What role could the stakeholder group have in the project?
- How important is this stakeholder group to the success of the project?
- How is this group affected by the problem or issue?
- Why do they want to address the problem or issue (motivation)?
- What stops them dealing with the problem or issue (constraints)?
- What is their relationship to other stakeholders?
- What is the impact of this on your planning?
These heavily text-based methods of stakeholder analysis should be used in conjunction with other pictorial mapping tools in the Pacific, especially when involving communities and beneficiaries.
Click these links to download more samples.
ADB. 2012. Strengthening Participation for Development Results. Manila. pp25-32.
ADB. 2019. Guidelines for Preparing a Design and Monitoring Framework. Manila. p17.
Australian Government AusAID. 2005. AusGuideline 3.3 The Logical Framework Approach. Australia. pp28-29.
Pacific Research and Evaluation Associates. 2014. The Pacific Guide to Project Proposal Preparation Using the Logical Framework Approach: Learner Guide. pp17-21.
Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment. 2005. Effective Engagement: building relationships with community and other stakeholders – Book 3 The Engagement Toolkit. Victorian Government. Melbourne. p87.
Venn Diagrams
- Identify an organization or issue whose stakeholders you will map.
- List each of the stakeholders relevant to that organization or issue.
- Cut circles of different sizes and write the names of the stakeholder groups on each circle. The size of the circle allocated to each stakeholder group indicates the relative power or influence of that group (large circles indicate more power and influence, while smaller circles indicate less).
- Using a large piece of paper place the circles on the paper based on the relationships between groups: if two groups are closely connected, these circles may touch or overlap. If the relationship is distant, they will be placed far away from each other on the paper.
- When this process is completed, assess the Venn Diagram as a whole asking:
- What is missing?
- What do the gaps indicate?
- What work needs to be done to engage with close and distant stakeholders?
The banner photo for this piece is the example.
ADB. 2012. Strengthening Participation for Development Results. Manila. pp25-32.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. EvnPHPS Assessment Toolkit. Stakeholder Mapping Venn Diagram.
FAO. 2006. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Manual. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. St Lucia. p21.
Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment. 2005. Effective Engagement: building relationships with community and other stakeholders – Book 3 The Engagement Toolkit. Victorian Government. Melbourne. p89.
Wageningen University and Research. Managing for Sustainable Development Impact. Venn Diagram.
Key Questions to Ask
- Have resident mission staff (e.g., the CSO Anchor) and other key informants helped identify stakeholders?
- Are all relevant stakeholders identified and listed?
- Marginalized and vulnerable groups (especially poorest groups, ethnic minorities, female-headed households, and migrant groups)?
- Main client/beneficiary groups?
- Groups who will be negatively affected by the project?
- All potential supporters and opponents of the project?
- All different kinds of male and female stakeholders (using gender analysis if necessary)?
- Should these stakeholders be divided into user, occupational, age, income, or ethnic groups?
Related Links
Participation Tools for the Pacific - Part 1: Engaging Pacific Civil Society Organizations
Participation Tools for the Pacific - Part 3: Design and Monitoring Framework
Participation Tools for the Pacific - Part 4: Assessment
Participation Tools for the Pacific - Part 5: Implementation
Participation Tools for the Pacific - Part 6: Monitoring and Evaluation
Downloadable Copy
Participation Tools for the Pacific - All Parts
Participation Tools for the Pacific - Part 2
Ask the Experts
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Lainie currently supports civil society participation in ADB’s operations through its NGO and Civil Society Center. Prior to this assignment, she supported health and education projects in Southeast Asia. Before joining ADB, she worked for a range of international and local nongovernment organizations. With more than 25 years of development experience, she has also worked in the field in Kenya, South Sudan, Azerbaijan, Somalia, Cambodia, and The Gambia.
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Emma has 20 years’ experience working with Australian and international organizations. Over the past eight years, she has worked on projects designed to increase civil society participation in ADB work, with a focus on the Pacific. Her expertise includes facilitation, training, and partnerships for international development. Since 2012, she has also worked with the University of Sydney as a soft-skills trainer on Australian-government funded short course programs on agricultural research in Africa.
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Suzanne organizes knowledge events, develops knowledge products, and provides technical support related to strengthening civil society participation and engagement in ADB’s operations. She also co-manages the social media platforms for ADB’s NGO and Civil Society Center. Suzanne worked with several NGOs in the Philippines before joining ADB. She holds a master's degree in urban and regional planning from the University of the Philippines.
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Ninebeth is in charge of ensuring safeguards compliance of ADB-funded projects in the Pacific region, supporting the engagement of civil society organizations at various stages of the project, and managing the resolution of project grievances including concerns raised by civil society. She has over a decade of work experience in the field of social development, poverty, and gender.
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The Asian Development Bank is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members—49 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance.
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