A financial instrument to help governments finance disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction without over-stressing their fiscal budgets
Introduction
The economic cost of disasters averages $250 billion to $300 billion annually, according to the 2015 United Nations Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction.
Considering that only about 30% of the damage from natural disasters are insured, such losses can impose severe financial burden on governments. In developing countries, governments may have to divert state funds, including those earmarked for development projects, to disaster relief and rebuilding efforts.
One way to bridge this financial gap is through the issuance of catastrophe bonds, a debt instrument that allows governments to tap the capital market and raise money from investors willing to bet against the likelihood of a disaster occurring in a particular place during a particular time period.
What Is It?
Catastrophe bonds, or cat bonds, allows the transfer of risks to bond investors. For the issuer—typically governments, insurers, and reinsurers—cat bonds signify financial protection in case of a major natural catastrophe, such as a hurricane or an earthquake. For the investor, buying the bonds means they may get high returns for their investment, which is not subject to financial market fluctuations.
The cat bond market has doubled over the last 10 years, although growth has slowed in the last three years because of the absence of big natural catastrophes, according to reinsurance company Swiss Re. In the first half of 2016, total issuance of new bonds stood at $3.1 billion compared with $4.7 billion in the same period in 2015.
Insurance and reinsurance companies currently dominate the cat bonds market, but more and more sovereign cat bonds have been issued as governments seek ways to transfer risks amid increasing frequency of natural disasters.
How It Works
Cat bonds are also a type of insurance-linked securities. Governments will need to set up a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to facilitate the transaction. The SPV invests the money from investors and pay coupons or interests to them. At the end of the term, the SPV will return the investors’ money if a disaster does not happen. However, a payout is made to the issuer upon the occurrence of a specified climate event, which typically involves a parametric trigger, such as a pre-defined hurricane wind speed or earthquake intensity.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The upside
Cat bonds can be an effective tool to address the risk of loss and damage from climate change because it allows vulnerable countries to raise capital that can be disbursed quickly in the event of a catastrophe. This is because cat bonds can be structured to allow payouts as soon as pre-defined trigger events occur. Cat bonds can also provide multi-year coverage to the issuing governments.
The downside
There are challenges for the more widespread use of cat bonds because of their high transaction costs, long structuring period that can take months, and strict terms and conditions compared with traditional risk financing, such as insurance.
In addition, cat bonds do not always meet countries’ needs, as governments may prefer longer term protection, while investors tend to prefer shorter term bonds.
Another obstacle is that cat bonds are usually available only to institutional investors, limiting their market reach.
Who Has Issued Cat Bonds?
Cat bonds were originally designed to help insurance and reinsurance companies manage their risks. It has since been used by governments seeking to reduce their financial burden in the event of a catastrophe. Over the years, countries from the Caribbean and Africa have issued cat bonds.
Mexico was an early adopter, issuing the first sovereign cat bond in 2006. It returned to the cat bond market in 2009 and again in 2012. In August 2017, the World Bank issued $360 million worth of cat bonds on behalf of the country to cover losses from earthquakes and hurricanes.
Mexico’s entry into the capital market demonstrates that issuing sovereign cat bonds is a feasible risk transfer solution. According to a World Bank case study on Mexico’s first cat bond issuancee, the transaction was successful because the government was able to secure financing for disaster relief even before a disaster occurred. It obtained multi-year protection for covered risks at a fixed price, reducing potential pressure on public budgets.
This is significant for other countries, especially those with high levels of debt. They now have the option to better manage their fiscal budgets by transferring the financial risks of managing disasters to the capital markets, according to the World Bank.
Who to Approach for Assistance
Developing countries wishing to explore the potential of cat bonds may approach multilateral banks, such as the World Bank.
The World Bank set up the Multicat Program in 2009 to facilitate access of member countries and public entities to the cat bond market. It helps arrange the bond issuance, provides advice and support for the transaction, and works with other parties involved in the deal, including the underwriters, legal counsel, modeling agencies, and other service providers. It also assists the country on its natural disaster risk management policy.
While the Asian Development Bank has no such program, it has called for countries in Asia and the Pacific to include cat bonds in their disaster risk reduction approaches given the region’s vulnerability to natural disasters.
Resources
ADB. 2013. Investing in Resilience: Ensuring a Disaster-Resistant Future. Manila.
Climate and Development Lab, Brown University International Centre for Climate Change and Development. 2016. Financing Options for Loss and Damage: A Review and Roadmap. Rhode Island, USA.
UNFCCC. 2016. Information Paper: Best Practices, Challenges and Lessons Learned from Existing Financial Instruments at All Levels that Address the Risk of Loss and Damage Associated with the Adverse Effects of Climate Change. Bonn.
UNFCCC. 2015. Report of the Standing Committee on Finance to the Conference of the Parties. Bonn.
Related Links
Explainer: Understanding the Risks of Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Explainer: Understanding Different Approaches to Managing Climate Change Risks
Explainer: Ways to Pay for Climate-Related Loss and Damage
Explainer: Developing New Financing Tools for the Climate Vulnerable
Explainer: What Countries Are Doing to Protect against Climate-Related Loss and Damage
Explainer: Mobilizing Contingency Funds for Climate-Related Disasters
Explainer: Key Lessons for Addressing Unavoidable Impacts of Climate Change
Ask the Experts
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Xianfu Lu was ADB’s focal point for climate change adaptation until April 2019. Prior to joining ADB, she worked at UNDP’s Global Environmental Facility Unit and at the Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Trained as an applied meteorologist, she spent the first 10 years of her career researching climate scenarios and their use in climate change impacts and vulnerability assessments in different parts of the world.
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Rexel O. Abrigo supports key adaptation-related activities, including the implementation of ADB’s climate risk management framework. Prior to his current position, he was part of the team that mainstreamed climate change adaptation in the project development process for South Asia, and implemented several capacity building activities there. He has a Master of Science degree on Environmental Science and Management.
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The views expressed on this website are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.