Introduction Tourism has become a key driver of socioeconomic growth in Asia and the Pacific. It employs roughly 150 million people in the region and provides opportunities to strengthen communities and ecosystems. However, in the absence of robust governance and planning, tourism growth threatens to overburden communities and ecosystems while overlooking opportunities to foster inclusive and sustainable development. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has halted many forms of tourism, creating major impacts on associated industries and communities. This pause presents a window to reflect on the pre-pandemic tourism system—its trends, vulnerabilities, and opportunities. More so, it provides opportunities to transform tourism and to ensure it generates better sustainable development outcomes (United Nations 2020). Research by the United Nations (UNWTO and UNEP 2017) suggests that pre-pandemic, the tourism system was most equipped to support three specific Sustainable Development Goals—SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 17 (Partnerships). A report by the Asian Development Bank identifies six pathways for the sustainable development of tourism post-pandemic, aimed at enhancing tourism's contribution to all SDGs. The recommendations involve a value-driven approach, decarbonization, tourism-led regeneration, diversification, improved governance, and sustainable finance. These are intended for policy makers but are also of interest to commercial stakeholders and development partners. COVID-19 Impact and Response In 2019, there were about 1.5 billion international tourists worldwide and Asia and the Pacific was one of the fastest growing for tourist arrivals. From 2006 to 2019, international arrivals more than doubled to 364 million, and growth was particularly strong from 2018 to 2019 as countries in the region (including Maldives and Myanmar) recorded double-digit growth (UNWTO 2021). However, in April 2020, 90% of the world implemented full or partial travel restrictions because of COVID-19, leading to the steepest decline of 1 billion international arrivals. The UNWTO estimates that this translated to a loss of $1.3 trillion in revenue. Asia experienced a bigger loss in international arrivals at 84% compared with 74% worldwide. The pandemic exposed the region’s dependence on the tourism sector. It has disrupted virtually all aspects of the industry, reducing international travel and producing cascading effects on businesses, governments, and communities. Global and regional organizations relevant to tourism have coordinated responses through a range of measures. Most of these focus on immediate crisis response rather than long-term planning to increase the contribution of tourism to the SDGs. They reflect different timeframes at which response outcomes are targeted—making it through the crisis, adapting to the new normal, and cultivating resilience (Twining Ward and McComb 2020, WTTC 2020). Unfortunately, relatively little thought has been given to strategic changes in tourism. Measures focus on securing health and safety and providing either fiscal or monetary support. While short-term financial support is critical for successful crisis response, it is not sustainable in the long term and present the risk of prolonging inevitable bankruptcies. Medium- and longer-term policy responses that involve skill and capacity building programs include retraining workers to find employment in different industries (Barkas et al. 2020). Several governments have also shifted from international to domestic tourism, repositioning destinations and investing in assets. Few policies have taken a long-term focus, such as including sustainability criteria in financial support packages, extending social protection, and redesigning tourism systems (UN 2020). Policy Recommendations COVID-19 has highlighted tourism concerns in Asia and the Pacific, such as overdependence, limited control over sector growth, external costs, and labor market challenges, including skills gaps and limited rights of workers. The pandemic presents a unique opportunity to evaluate sector progress and address its most pressing issues. The term “build back better” is often used when describing the recovery of tourism. Asia and the Pacific, however, should not seek to recapture the tourism of the pre-pandemic era but rather “build forward better.” This requires creating a new kind of tourism that is more closely aligned to the SDGs. Sustainable tourism is not a particular kind of travel, nor is it limited to ecotourism or tourism that is self-sustaining. All types of tourism can become more sustainable, for example, if they contribute to achieving the SDGs, revive the environment, or help communities thrive. Transforming tourism so that it genuinely contributes to achieving the SDGs will require a mix of incentives and disincentives, targeting action across the public and private sectors. Among the most pressing barriers to sustainable tourism in the region is the lack of good governance structures to support long-term planning, collaboration, and management. Establishing more inclusive and sustainability-oriented governance frameworks and using them to strengthen coordination and stakeholder management will be necessary for tourism development in line with the SDGs. Implementation will depend largely on financing. Six pathways can foster systemic change in the tourism industry and each offers recommendations on how policy makers can guide tourism to contribute more effectively to the SDGs. Many of the recommendations will also be relevant to the private sector and development partners. Value-driven tourism Focus on quality and yield by attracting visitors that spend more and who wish to interact genuinely with the communities and destinations. Manage the carrying capacity of destinations and communities. Leverage uniqueness of place through appropriate at-place design of infrastructure and experiences. Measure and report on the holistic contribution of tourism to development efforts in a transparent manner. Decarbonization of tourism Design and implement decarbonization pathways that include clear targets and leverage economic instruments for climate mitigation. Take a collaborative approach to develop sustainable aviation fuels. Raise awareness and build carbon literacy of businesses, government officials, and visitors. Support low-carbon industry practices through regulatory requirements. Tourism-led regeneration Foster ecological restoration by encouraging visitor and industry contributions. Protect communities and preserve cultural traditions and practices. Ensure tourism is inclusive and supports health and subjective well-being by designing experiences that connect people with nature and implementing proactive risk management and health and safety standards. Empower local communities and small businesses by training entrepreneurs and encouraging their participation in tourism activities. Diversification Diversify tourism markets by revising marketing strategies and potentially discouraging unsustainable ones. Diversify products and encourage those that support giving back, engage local stakeholders, and localize supply chains. Support workforce diversity and provide skills training. Foster economic diversification. Improved tourism governance Integrate tourism policy considerations across sectors, including promotion of cross-sector collaboration in government and industry. Foster cooperation and public–private collaboration by leveraging framework agreements to encouraging data sharing and joint monitoring and evaluation. Invest in strategy, marketing, technology, and human capacity to drive a transformation in tourism markets and encourage more sustainable behavior. Build capacity in disaster risk management and adaptation through training in disaster response and investments in early warning systems. Alignment of tourism finance with sustainability Seek new revenue sources that can be reinvested into sustainable management of tourism, such as entry costs to national parks. Enable smaller-scale green finance to support tourism development by improving access to smaller firms and encouraging crowdfunding and microdonations. Include sustainability criteria in assessing tourism projects for green funding. Integrate sustainable tourism considerations into other initiatives, such as transport or urban infrastructure projects. Since country contexts and tourism sectors differ substantially, not all recommendations are equally relevant for all. Governments may focus on the pathways and recommendations that align best with their tourism and development strategies. Overall, establishing a more sustainable trajectory will require intervention across all elements of tourism, including the visitor, industry, community, and environment dimensions, as well as collaboration across the public and private sectors, development partners, communities, and destinations. Resources Asian Development Bank. 2021. Sustainable Tourism After COVID-19: Insights and Recommendations for Asia and the Pacific. Manila: ADB. L. Twining Ward and J. F. McComb. 2020. COVID-19 and Tourism in South Asia: Opportunities for Sustainable Regional Outcomes. Washington, DC: World Bank. P. Barkas et al. 2020. International Trade in Travel and Tourism Services: Economic Impact and Policy Responses During the COVID-19 Crisis. Staff Working Paper. ERSD-2020-11. Geneva: World Trade Organization. United Nations (UN). 2020. Policy Brief: COVID-19 and Transforming Tourism. New York. UN World Trade Organization. 2021. World Tourism Barometer. Madrid. UN World Trade Organization and UN Environment Programme. 2017. Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals—Journey to 2030. Madrid. World Travel and Tourism Council. 2020. Economic Impact Reports. Ask the Experts Anna Fink Country Economist, Indonesia Resident Mission, Asian Development Bank Anna Fink is Country Economist at the Indonesia Resident Mission of ADB where she is responsible for implementation of the Country Partnership Strategy and Country Knowledge Plan. She is also the country focal for operations and knowledge related to climate change and sustainable tourism. She was formerly a member of ADB’s Regional Cooperation and Integration Thematic Group. She has a master’s degree in Development Management from the London School of Economics and has volunteered on a wide variety of development projects in Africa and South America. Matthias Helble Senior Economist, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department, Asian Development Bank Matthias Helble’s research interests include international trade, health, housing, and development. Before joining ADB, he was a senior research fellow and co-chair of the Research Department of ADB Institute in Tokyo. He previously worked as an economist for the World Bank, the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization, and the United Nations. He holds graduate degrees in Economics from the University of Tubingen, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (PhD) in Geneva. He is currently on special leave. Susanne Becken Professor of Sustainable Tourism, Griffith University Susanne Becken is the Principal Science Investment Advisor (Visitor) in the Department of Conservation, New Zealand, where she works at the science-policy interface. She is also a Vice Chancellor Research Fellow at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom focusing on sustainable tourism and green transition. Her research focuses on the tourism-environment nexus with particular focus on resource use and climate change and has been published in well over 100 papers and industry reports. Johanna Loehr Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Griffith Institute for Tourism, Griffith University Johanna Loehr’s research focuses on increasing the net benefits tourism creates for the wider system in which it occurs. Her research interests are sustainable tourism, climate change, well-being, policy making and systems thinking. Johanna holds graduate degrees in the fields of sustainability and tourism from Bournemouth University (MSc) and Griffith University (PhD). She is contributing author to Chapter 15 Small Islands of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6, WGII). Asian Development Bank (ADB) The Asian Development Bank is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members—49 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. Follow Asian Development Bank (ADB) on Leave your question or comment in the section below: View the discussion thread.