Risk Transfer Options for the Climate Vulnerable

There are a range of options to transfer risk and create more fiscal space for governments, and provide better protection at the household level and small business level.

At the macro level, we are looking at contingent financing mechanisms to help governments protect themselves from the severe aftereffects of a disaster.

At the intermediate level, we are looking at portfolios and businesses where we can support products, such as portfolio insurance for small and medium-size enterprises and agribusinesses.

At the household level, we are looking at a micro-insurance type of mechanism and products, and commensurate regulations.  

Insurance is a tool where they reward the customer by charging a lower premium if they are able to reduce the risk. Customers reduce the risk by improving building codes and bringing in better design and better technology.

With respect to climate change adaptation, insurance can help reduce risks associated with slow onset hazards, such as soil salinization, drought, and land degradation. Agriculture insurance, for example, helps protect farmers' income against loss of crops due to climate issues.

In designing a disaster risk insurance framework, we need a good set of regulations, such as on capital structure (debt-to-equity ratio). An insurance company should remain solvent during a disaster so that it is able to pay claims to the insured.

Second, we need to ensure that there are mechanisms in place to control the intermediaries, agents and brokers, and other technology channels that sell insurance. They sometimes indulge in mis-selling, and therefore insurance regulation should be in place to control market misconduct.

The third area is on corporate governance. Ultimately, risk management is a corporate governance function and therefore insurance companies should have sound corporate governance practices in place to take care of these elements.

All these are captured in the International Association of Insurance Supervisors’ core principles. Regulators are encouraged to implement international standards. If you have a sound and robust regulatory environment in place, it will attract international insurers and reinsurers, and foreign direct investment to the market. This will help develop local insurance and reinsurance portfolios in countries.

The insurance market in Asia and the Pacific is in its early stage of development. There is hardly any insurance culture in the region.

In terms of developing the insurance market, ADB is looking at improving the regulatory environment. It is organizing training programs to strengthen the capacity of regulators. ADB is also supporting them in developing insurance regulations and in putting in place an insurance regulatory supervisory system to control the risk.

In terms of product development, ADB is supporting pilots in different emerging market jurisdictions, including projects on crop insurance and micro-insurance. To embark on a pilot, we need to scope the sector and assess the risk first.

Lessons from the pilots in Bangladesh, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan are encouraging, and that will definitely help spur new projects and new types of activities around insurance in those countries.

Asian Development Bank. 2018. Regional Forum on Strengthening the Enabling Environment for Disaster Risk Financing: Options for Enhancing Financial Resilience. 25–26 September. Manila, Philippines.