The poorest of the poor need sustained and integrated assistance in order to overcome the multidimensional problems of poverty.
Introduction
Poverty is not merely a lack of income and resources, but it also results in psychological poverty, a lack of voice in society, vulnerability to environmental shocks, and low self-esteem.
Government efforts to reduce poverty like social benefit packages, primarily in the form of cash handouts, are important. However, they can trap the extreme poor in transgenerational poverty—just surviving but unable to defeat poverty— especially when these efforts are not supported by timed, targeted, and comprehensive programs.
One of these programs is the “graduation approach.” It is a sequenced, multisector intervention that supports the poorest households to achieve sustained income and move out of extreme poverty within a specified period. When integrated properly, it can make antipoverty policies and programs more effective and efficient.
How is it implemented?
Pilot tests of the graduation approach were conducted in 10 cities in eight countries since 2006 by organizations supported by the World Bank’s Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) and the Ford Foundation. Results show that 75% to 98% of the participants met the graduation criteria after 18 to 36 months. The pilot programs recorded significant increase (7.5%) on food consumption, productive assets (15%), and savings (96%) 1 year after the program ended—that is, 3 years after the asset transfer.
Here are some of the recommendations based on the pilot tests and World Vision’s experience in implementing this approach.
It is important to complement cash assistance for the poorest families with community-based, tailored assistance that includes soft components such as psychosocial support provision, cultivation of social support network, improved competencies, and others. Coordination by the government will avoid duplication in beneficiaries. Graduation of beneficiaries from poverty will open new spots in the program to accommodate other poor families who need the same support.
Building partnerships is crucial as few organizations have the expertise or financial capacity to effectively offer all the components of this approach. This should be done through a joint plan that creates a graduation-inspired pathway toward full economic and social inclusion. The plan should be developed based on an analysis of the root cause of poverty, existing resources and structures, and planned resources. Partnerships lead to more professional services, efficient use of time and resources, and strong ownership of different stakeholders.
Even within the extremely poor segments, there are more vulnerable groups that may not have the capacity or time to succeed in the program and who will need ongoing social assistance. These include old people, the chronically ill or disabled, those with psychiatric problems, and those who care for children or other family members.
Conduct the assessment at the start to uncover the roots and causes of their struggles. Assessment results may be used as a guide particularly in designing the interventions.
Poverty has many other interconnected vulnerability factors, like severe physical and psychological violence, child labor, child marriage, malnourishment, neglect, bullying, and family abuse, which require urgent attention or quick intervention. This can prevent extreme cases and promote the rights and dignity of the poorest. Building positive relationships within the family and the community will enlarge the social support network of the poorest and give them a positive outlook in life.
What is the graduation approach?
Designed to help ultra-poor households, the graduation approach helps people attain the confidence and the capacity to independently generate income, buoyed by increased social and health awareness. It targets individuals living in extreme poverty and provides them with basic resources, financial education, technical training, life skill coaching, and social support so that they can “graduate” from the program with food security and sustainable sources of income.
The Ultra-Poor Graduation Approach
This approach is composed of six stages:
The household is assessed to identify the best assets that would help the family earn a living, taking into account their needs, resources, preferences, as well as market demand for the product or service.
Regular and time-bound cash transfer is provided to enable the family to meet their basic needs.
Financial or budget management training improves the family’s savings and financial literacy.
The family is taught about free health services as well as healthy food and good hygiene.
Activities that bring about positive relationships among family members and with the community are organized.
Children are encouraged to participate in age-appropriate summer camps to help them gain essential life skills and build positive relationship with peers.
The family’s progress is monitored through regular weekly visits. All successes and challenges are discussed. Lessons from experiences are reflected in future plans of the family.
A beneficiary household will graduate if they meet the criteria and indicators set by the program. BRAC and World Vision, which promote the graduation approach in their projects, suggest the graduation criteria below. Context- or project-specific criteria may be added.
Graduation Criteria and Sample Graduation Indicators
| Pillar | Graduation Criteria | Sample Indicators |
|---|---|---|
| Social Protection |
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| Livelihood Promotion |
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| Financial Inclusion |
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| Social Empowerment |
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How can civil society organizations promote this approach?
- Adapt the related tools and training packages to local context. Analyze existing state or international psychosocial and socioeconomic needs assessment tools and create a comprehensive package for working with the poorest families.
- Recruit, coach, and train staff and implementing partners who will work on the program.
- Conduct baseline monitoring and evaluation of the graduation approach and gather evidence of its impact for further improvement and funding.
- Partner with sectors mandated to address the multidimensional issues of poverty.
- Provide services, such as training on core competency and life skills, seed capital assistance, loans, and linking families with markets and key services, including technical skills training, asset provision, and mentoring.
How can the government support its implementation?
- Review existing public policies to see how the graduation approach could fit—complementing rather than hindering existing poverty reduction efforts.
- Find ways to lower the costs of using this approach to be able to include it in the public policy framework with dedicated resources. Engage social support case managers, community social workers, champions across agencies, and other partners and donors to join and contribute in customizing this approach to the local context.
- Lead the mapping of the poorest households based on the graduation criteria and track the progress of registered households.
- Develop or strengthen the implementation of policies on responses to cases of rights violations and build projects that promote and nurture families’ positive relationships and attitude toward life.
Resources
N. Moqueet, et al. Ultra-Poor Graduation Handbook. BRAC & World Vision.
H. Dharmadasa, et al. 2015. PROPEL Toolkit: An Implementation Guide to the Ultra-Poor Graduation Approach. Brac.
UNHCR. The Graduation Approach.
Ask the Expert
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Anna Aleksanyan has over 15 years’ experience working to promote children’s rights and protection. She is also a children’s rights and development expert at Prisma, an independent research and analytical agency. She received her bachelor of science and master’s degrees in social work from Yerevan State University.
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The views expressed on this website are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.