Overview The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) place equal emphasis on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. It is therefore important for policies and plans, especially those in economic, social, and infrastructure-related sectors, to take into account their impact on the environment and vice versa at the time when they are formulated. Policy makers need tools and approaches that can help them understand and address the interlinkages within and between the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of the SDGs. In 2019, supported by an Asian Development Bank technical assistance, the National Development Agency of Mongolia developed such a tool to help policy developers and planners in Mongolia ensure policy coherence and integration of environment goals into national sector policies and plans being developed. Challenges Mongolia shifted from a socialist to a market-based economy in 1990. Its economy has grown since 2010 with agriculture and mining as its largest economic sectors. Social and living conditions have improved. However, the country faces challenges in achieving equitable and sustainable development with many Mongolians still being left behind in this period of economic progress. There is rising public concern over the environmental problems associated with this economic development. These include significant levels of air pollution in cities, destruction of land as a result of mining operations, overexploitation of natural resources, overgrazing and increased desertification, water shortages, poor sanitation, contamination of rivers and lakes, and land degradation. Mongolia’s 2019 Voluntary National Review showed that Mongolia’s recent performance was poor in three of the major global sustainability-related indices: ecological footprint (2014), environmental well-being (2016), and environmental performance (2018). For Mongolia to achieve the SDGs, it is vital that their environmental dimensions are systematically integrated into the national development policy-making and planning processes. Context Mongolia has set ambitious targets under its Sustainable Development Vision (SDV) 2030, aspiring to join “leading middle-income countries based on per capita income by 2030.” To realize these objectives, it aims to diversify the economy while promoting ecological balance and stable and democratic governance. It also recognizes the importance of "whole of government" and "whole of society" approaches to implementing the SDGs. Mongolia’s SDV 2030 targets a gross national income per capita of $17,500 and an average annual economic growth of not less than 6.6% through 2030. The country wants to end poverty in all its forms, reduce income inequality, and have 80% of the population in the middle and upper-middle income group. Green development is also enshrined as a clear policy objective; it is also reflected in the specific green-economy-oriented 2014 Green Development Policy of Mongolia. Actions to address environmental challenges have to be based on a common understanding ofthe SDGs and the SDV 2030. To reach agreed environmental goals, cooperation across sectors is required. The National Development Agency, which reports directly to the Prime Minister and is tasked to implement the SDGs in Mongolia, has assessed more than 200 existing national policies in relation to horizontal and vertical policy coherence with the SDGs and Mongolia's SDV 2030. The review showed the need to look at the economic and social impact of national sector policies and plans on the environment in greater detail. The National Development Agency determined that a policy screening tool was needed to help integrate environment goals into national sector policies and plans in Mongolia. This needed to be a tool that could be directly applied to Mongolia and was easy to use. Solutions With the aim of helping to integrate the environmental dimensions of the SDGs into national sector policies and plans in Mongolia, the National Development Agency developed and tested a tool for policy developers and planners. The steps followed were: 1) Undertake a stocktake of existing tools and approaches being used in Mongolia and internationally (with reference to a regional tool compendium) for integrating the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. 2) Develop a simple checklist tool that can be used to assess the integration of environment goals in national sector policies and plans. 3) Use the tool to assess the extent of integration of environmental goals in existing national policies in the energy and health sectors. In developing the tool, the following selection/design criteria were adopted: Address the environmental dimensions of the SDGs, and in particular SDGs 6, 12 and 15, not forgetting infrastructure-related targets Be applicable to several, if not all, sectors of society Be easy to use even without detailed environmental knowledge Address integration of environmental goals into national sector policies and plans Be able to be used in the early stages of the policy and planning processes Help all stakeholders rethink nature as a crucial and valued asset Be able to be used or understood by non-governmental stakeholders The first step was to develop an inventory of existing national and international tools and approaches to identify which could be used for policy screening in a Mongolian context. The main finding was that no one tool met all the selection/design criteria. However, a couple of tools were identified as the basis for continued work. One of these was the Bhutanese Gross National Happiness (GNH) Policy Screening Tool, which aims to “systematically assess the impacts of any policy and project on GNH.” GNH policies and projects take into account good governance, sustainable socio-economic development, cultural preservation, and environmental conservation, among other things. The National Development Agency harnessed some good qualities from the Bhutanese GNH Policy Screening Tool, and a filtration analysis tool that was previously used in developing the Green Development Policy of Mongolia, to develop its own tool. The simple checklist tool developed has kept the former’s simplicity and yet has the ability to determine: The impact the draft policy has on 48 environment-related and Mongolian-relevant SDG targets The impact each policy objective has on the environment-related and Mongolian-relevant SDG targets Whether overall the draft policy is compatible with the environmental dimensions of the SDGs The draft tool was then tested against two existing national policies: the State Policy on Energy, 2015-2030 and the State Policy on Health, 2017-2026. As the test yielded good results, the draft tool was then presented and discussed in a national workshop held on 11 October 2019. Participants who represented government ministries and agencies, academia and civil society responded well to the draft tool which was then finalized. Results Reports presented the stocktake of tools and approaches and the simple checklist tool that will help policy developers and planners bring in the environmental dimensions of the SDGs to the policy development and planning processes at an early stage. Developing the tool helped raise policy developers and planners awareness on the environmental dimensions of the SDGs and increase understanding of the interlinkages across the three sustainable development dimensions. Lessons The National Development Agency’s active involvement in developing the tool was essential to the project's success. Focal points in government not only provided guidance on the current challenges with policymaking and policy coherence in the government so that the tool could help address current challenges and meet the needs of policy developers and planners. The tool is intended for policy developers (analysts, formulators, drafters) and planners at line ministries and other government agencies. The main users of the tool include: policy makers, drafting committees, and the National Development Agency in its reviewing role. Secondary users include staff of other ministries and agencies expected to give feedback or inputs, businesses, civil society organizations and other stakeholders through the public engagement process. Accordingly, the tool itself and assessment results will need to be readily accessible during the public engagement process. Resources ADB. 2016. Gross National Happiness in Bhutan: 12 Things to Know. ADB. 2018. Strengthening the Environmental Dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals in Asia and The Pacific: Knowledge-sharing Workshop Proceedings. Manila: ADB. ADB. 2019. Strengthening the Environmental Dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific: Stocktake of National Responses to Sustainable Development Goals 12, 14 and 15. Manila: ADB. ADB and United Nations Environment Programme. 2019. Strengthening the Environmental Dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific: Tool Compendium. Manila: ADB. B.Enkhbaigali, M.Altanbagana, D.Tumurpurev. 2016, Developing the Sustainable Development Concept of Mongolia 2030. Ulaanbaatar: National Development Agency. GNH Centre Bhutan. GNH Policy Screening Tool. Government of Mongolia. 2018. Government Resolution of Mongolia No. 249. Ulaanbaatar: Government of Mongolia. Government of Mongolia. 2016. General Procedure for Drafting Development Policy Documents. Annex to the Government Resolution 249. Ulaanbaatar: Government of Mongolia. Government of Mongolia. 2015. Law of Mongolia on Development Policy Planning. Ulaanbaatar: Government of Mongolia. M.Altanbagana. 2015. Vulnerability Assessment of Environmental and Social System of Priority Green Development for Five Provinces at Soum Level, and Recommendation Policy for Green Development. Ulaanbaatar: National Development Agency. National Development Agency. 2019. Mongolia Voluntary National Review Report 2019 Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals. Ulaanbaatar: National Development Agency. Partnership for Action on Green Economy. 2014. Mongolia’s Transition to a Green Economy: A Stocktaking Report. Bangkok: United Nations Environment Programme. State Great Hural of Mongolia. 2016. Mongolia Sustainable Development Vision 2030. UNECE. 2018. Mongolia Environmental Performance Review. Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 49. Geneva: United Nations. Ask the Experts Emma Marsden Senior Environment Specialist, Office of Safeguards, Asian Development Bank Emma Marsden has over 20 years experience in the fields of environmental and sustainability assessment. Her current responsibilities include undertaking environmental safeguard compliance reviews for ADB projects, and managing preparation of the ADB Sustainability Report. Prior to ADB she worked in environmental consultancy, where she managed and coordinated environmental impact assessments, strategic environmental assessments and sustainability appraisals of policies, plans, and projects in the energy, water and urban sectors. Doljinsuren Jambal Director, Development Policy and Planning Department, National Development Agency of Mongolia Doljinsuren Jambal has worked with development partners and the Government of Mongolia for 21 years. She has knowledge and experience in the fields of national accounting, human development, sustainable development, development policy and planning and policy analysis. She obtained a Masters degree in Development Economics from the Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University in the Hague, The Netherlands in 2002. Suzanna Sumkhuu Energy & Climate Research Professional Suzanna Sumkhuu is a sustainability and development professional. She focuses on designing and executing policy coherence assessments, policy and institutional solutions for sustainable development, and localizing and mainstreaming the Sustainable Development Goals. She also has experience providing methodological analysis and inputs to the government on integrated policy planning. She was former Senior Officer at the National Development Agency of Mongolia, and an Environmental Justice Fellow and Teaching Assistant for Graduate Statistics at O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Altanbagana Myagmarsuren Consultant, Asian Development Bank Altanbagana Myagmarsuren is based at the Institute for Geography and Geoecology at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. He was one of the lead investigators for assessing implementation of the 2016 Sustainable Development Vision 2030 of Mongolia. He is a National Environment and Development Policy Expert at the Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. He received his PhD in Environmental Sciences from the National University of Mongolia in 2013. Göran Nilsson Axberg Consultant, Asian Development Bank Göran Nilsson Axberg was Deputy Director and Senior Researcher at the Stockholm Environment Institute. He holds a Master of Science degree in Forestry and a PhD in Forest Economics. He has more than 35 years of international consultancy experience, and has worked in 25 developing countries. Tsenddorj Dorjpurev Consultant, Asian Development Bank Tsenddorj Dorjpurev is a senior research economist working at the Bank of Mongolia. His focus includes natural resource economics and development economics. He holds a degree in Economics from Marmara University, Turkey and a Master of Science degree in Finance from the University of Lugano, Switzerland. Asian Development Bank (ADB) The Asian Development Bank is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 69 members—49 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. Follow Asian Development Bank (ADB) on Leave your question or comment in the section below: View the discussion thread.