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Zerde Holding
Zerde National Infocommunication Holding (Zerde)(link is external) was established by the Government of Kazakhstan in 2008 to promote the development of information and communication technology. It led the development of e-government in the country until 5 August 2022, when the government reassigned its functions to the Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation, and Aerospace Industry.
Putting in place policies, systems, and infrastructure for e-government helped improve efficiency, transparency, and people’s access and participation.